1. Travelling Friesland By Camper For Sale
2. Aires In Luxembourg
3. Campsites Near Nijmegen

1. Meanwhile, buses and trams are the most convenient way of travelling around Amsterdam. Purchasing an OV-chipkaart allows travel on all public transport throughout Holland; simply add credit as and when required, or purchase a single-use chipcard if you're only in Holland for a day or two.
2. The most up-to-date website for all motorhome parkings in Europe. Including reviews, pictures and an overview of the latest added motorhome parkings.

Travelling Friesland By Camper For Sale

Jun 03, 2019 - Rent Campers/RVs in Friesland, Netherlands from €18/night. Find unique places to stay with local hosts in 191 countries. Kuinre, Overijssel, Netherlands. Ameland and Schiermonnikoog to be well-reaching from the Frisian Wadden recreation park You can travel from.

Petrus CamperFRS (11 May 1722 – 7 April 1789), was a Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist in the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the first to take an interest in comparative anatomy, palaeontology, and the facial angle. He was among the first to mark out an 'anthropology,' which he distinguished from natural history.^[1] He studied the orangutan, the javan rhinoceros, and the skull of a mosasaur, which he believed was a whale. Camper was a celebrity in Europe and became a member of the Royal Society (1750), the Göttingen (1779), and Russian Academy of Sciences (1778), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783), the French (1786) and the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1788). He designed and constructed tools for his patients, and for surgeries. He was amateur-drawer, a sculptor, a patron of art and a conservative, royalist politician. Camper published some lectures containing an account of his craniometrical methods. These laid the foundation of all subsequent work.

Studies and teaching[edit]

Petrus Camper was the son of a well-to-do minister, who made his fortune Batavia, Dutch East Indies and returned with a (young?) pickled Bornean orangutan in a jar.^[2] A brilliant alumnus, he studied medicine and philosophy at the University of Leiden and obtained a degree in both sciences on the same day at the age of 24.^[3] After both his parents died Camper travelled to England (where he met with William Smellie), to France (where he met with Georges de Buffon) and Geneva. In the meantime he was appointed as professor of philosophy, anatomy and surgery at the University of Franeker and Camper traveled to Friesland.

In 1756, Camper married the widow Johanna Boerboom, daughter of the burgomaster of Leeuwarden, whom he met while treating her husband, the burgomaster from Harlingen.^[4]

Surgeon's Guild[edit]

In 1755 he had moved to Amsterdam, where he occupied a chair of anatomy and surgery at the Athenaeum Illustre, later completed by a medicine chair. He investigated inguinal hernia, patella and the best form of shoe. He withdrew five years later to dedicate himself to scientific research, living on his wife's estate 'Klein Lankum' just outside Franeker. In his farewell speech, he mentioned that he had dissected more than 50 bodies in public, including a twelve-year-old Angolese black boy.^[5] His experience led to the publication of Demonstrationum anatomico-pathologicarum(1760-1762). In 1762 he became politically active and promoted public health issues such as vaccination against smallpox.^[6]

In 1763 he accepted the chair of anatomy, surgery and botany at the University of Groningen.^[7] He made drawings to illustrate his eloquent lectures and the number of students grew.

His main focus of attention was anatomy, zoology and his collection of minerals and fossils. Among his many works, he studied osteology of birds and discovered the presence of air in the inner cavities of birds' skeletons. He investigated the anatomy of eight young orangutans, establishing it as a different species to humans, as quadrupeds, against the theories of contemporary scientists.^[8] 'Camper cleared up a lot of confusion when he distinguished the orangutan from the chimpanzee.'^[9] Petrus Camper published treatises on the hearing of fishes and the sound of frogs. He studied the diseases of rinderpest and rabies (1768-1770). Camper kept a surgical clinic. Before retiring in 1773, he introduced several new instruments and procedures for surgery and obstetrics. Back in Franeker, he dissected an elephant and a Javan rhinoceros, after they died in the menagerie, belonging to the stadtholder. In 1782 he published his latest research, a famous treatise in which he disagreed with Carl Linnaeus and De Buffon on the taxonomy of apes.^[10]

• In 1778 he was visited by Samuel Thomas von Sömmering, who later became a professor in Göttingen. Camper was in contact with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Johann Heinrich Merck.
• In 1780 he travelled in the company of his son to Wolfenbüttel and met with Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. In Potsdam, he was received by Frederick the Great, introduced by Henri de Catt. In Berlin he met with Moses Mendelsohn and Samuel Formey.
• In 1781 he traveled to Hamburg and met with Prince Henry and Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg; in 1782 Camper visited the Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
• In November 1783 he was a Foreign Founding Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.^[11]
• In 1783 he was appointed by the stadtholder as one of the burgomasters of Workum and in 1784 became one of the directors of the Admiralty of Friesland. Camper was an Orangist, opposing the patriots.
• In 1785 he visited Edmund Burke.
• In September 1787 he became the president of the state council of the Dutch Republic and warmly welcomed the return of the stadtholderWilliam V of Orange and his wife Wilhelmine of Prussia in the Hague.
• At the end of life he suffered from pleuritis; Camper had a Burgundian lifestyle, drank a good glass of champagne and died.

Comparative anatomy[edit]

One of the first to study comparative anatomy, Petrus Camper demonstrated the principle of correlation in all organisms by 'metamorphosis'. In his 1778 lecture, 'On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity,' he metamorphosed a horse into a human being, thus showing the similarity between all vertebrates. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire theorised this in 1795 as the 'unity of organic composition,' the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts. Camper's metamorphoses which demonstrated this 'unity of Plan' greatly impressed Diderot and Goethe. In 1923 and 1939 some Dutch authors suggested that Camper foreshadowed Goethe's famous idea of 'type' – a common structural pattern in some manner^[12]

'Facial angle'[edit]

Petrus Camper is renowned for his theory of facial angle (Prognathism). He determined that humans had facial angles between 70° and 80°, with African and Asian angles closer to 70°, and European angles closer to 80. According to his new portraiture technique, an angle is formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the nostril to the ear, and the other perpendicularly from the advancing part of the upper jawbone to the most prominent part of the forehead. He claimed that antique Greco-Roman statues presented an angle of 100°-95°, Europeans of 80°, 'Orientals' of 70°, Black people of 70° and the orangutan of 42–58°. He stated that, out of all races, Africans were most removed from the classical sense of ideal beauty. These results were later used as scientific racism, with research continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Paul Broca.

Camper, however, agreed with Buffon in drawing a sharp line between human and animals (although he was misinterpreted by Diderot, who claimed that he was a supporter of the Great Chain of Being theory).^[13][14] Camper confirmed the categorizing species by Linné.^[15]

Camper and the arts[edit]

He was interested in architecture, mathematics, furniture making, drawing and illustrated his own lectures. Four times he gave lectures in Amsterdam to art students, e.g. on beauty and portraiture. He disagreed that artists painted the black Magus (in the nativity) with a Caucasian face. In 1780 he took lessons from Étienne Maurice Falconet. In his ideas about art, Camper was influenced by Johann Joachim Winckelmann. He made drawings of the Dolmen near Noordlaren. He was in the selection committee for the prize contest for the design of the new townhall in Groningen that was awarded to his friend Jacob Otten Husly.

Legacy[edit]

Aires In Luxembourg

Georges Cuvier praised his 'genius eye' but criticised him for keeping himself to simple sketches.^[16] He had a eulogy in his honour composed by Nicolas de Condorcet and Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. Camper influenced Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton.

His son Adriaan Gilles Camper published much of his father's unpublished research in addition to a biography of him.^[17]

The Dutch author Thomas Rosenboom used Petrus Camper as a character in his novel, Gewassen vlees (1994).^[18]

Works[edit]

• Petrus Camper (1746). 'Dissertatio optica de visu'(PDF). Dissertation from Leiden University.
• Demonstrationes anatomico- pathologicae [1760–1762]
• Dissertation sur les différences des traits du visage and Discours sur l'art de juger les passions de l'homme par les traits de son visage
• On the Best Form of Shoe
• Two lectures to the Amsterdam Drawing society on the facial angle (1770)
• On the Points of Similarity between the Human Species, Quadrupeds, Birds, and Fish; with Rules for Drawing, founded on this Similarity (1778)
• Historiae literariae cultoribus S.P.D. Petrus Camper. A list of his work, published by himself.
• Works by Petrus Camper, the French compilation of Camper's work, based on Camper's French lecture notes and the posthumous publications by his son A.G. Camper, published and partially translated by Hendrik Jansen in 1803 in three octavo volumes.^[19][20]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Alan J. Barnard, Review Essay: 'Anthropology, Race, and Englishness: Changing Notions of Complexion and Character,' Eighteenth Century Life 25 (2002): 94-102.
2. ^http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/149431
3. ^His professors included Pieter van Musschenbroek and Willem Jacob 's Gravesande for physics and mathematics, Herman Boerhaave and Hieronymus David Gaubius for medicine, and François Hemsterhuis for philosophy.
4. ^Frisian Society. Notes on Petrus Camper's period in Friesland, by P.C.J.A. BoelesArchived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^Camper On the Origin and Color of Blacks by Miriam Claude Meijer
6. ^DBNL on Camper
7. ^Studying in Groningen Through the Ages: A History of the University of Groningen and the First English Department in the Netherlands. Groningen: Groningen University Press, 2014, p. 87-88. ISBN978-90-367-7125-2
8. ^Het rusteloze bestaan van dokter Petrus Camper (1722-1789) by Jan Klaas Korst, p. 168
9. ^Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722-1789) von Miriam Claude Meijer, p. 138
10. ^Verkruyse, P. et al (2007), Aap, vis, boek. Linnaeus in de Artis Bibliotheek, p. 29.
11. ^Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002
12. ^See Miriam Claude Meijer, 'Petrus Camper's Protean Performances: The Metamorphoses' 'here'. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2010.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (with a drawing of Camper's animated metamorphose) – URL. Retrieved 28 February 2007
13. ^Ann Thomson, Issues at stake in eighteenth-century racial classificationArchived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Cromohs, 8 (2003): 1–20
14. ^Links between the discovery of primates and anatomical comparisons with humans, the chain of being, our place in nature, and racism by Rui Diogo
15. ^http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Spixiana_006_0301-0332.pdf
16. ^'Camper porta, pour ainsi dire en passant, le coup d'œil du génie sur une foule d'objets intéressants, mais presque tous ses travaux ne furent que des ébauches'.
17. ^'Levensschets van P. Camper', by Adriaan Gilles Camper, Leeuw, 1791.
18. ^Rosenboom, Thomas. (2004). Gewassen vlees.
19. ^Oeuvres de Pierre Camper, qui ont pour objet l'histoire naturelle, la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée, Paris, 1803, Volume 2 on Google books
20. ^Oeuvres de Pierre Camper, qui ont pour objet l'histoire naturelle, la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée, Paris, 1803, Volume 3 on Google books
21. ^IPNI. Camper.

References[edit]

• Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang. (1878). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie.
• Meijer, Miriam Claude. 'Petrus Camper's Protean Performances: The Metamorphoses' (English)
• Rosenboom, Thomas. (2004). Gewassen vlees. Amsterdam: Querido. ISBN90-214-7988-5
• Thomson, Ann. Issues at Stake in Eighteenth-century Racial Classification, Cromohs, 8 (2003): 1–20 (English)
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). '^{article name needed}'. The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
• Studying in Groningen Through the Ages: A History of the University of Groningen and the First English Department in the Netherlands. Groningen: Groningen University Press, 2014. ISBN978-90-367-7125-2

External links[edit]

• Author page in the DBNL

We were only away five minutes. My friend Lucy and I had gone to check out the campsite's shower block. When we got back to our campervan, there was a strange man lying underneath it, transfixed. But, then, this was no ordinary campervan. This was a Tonke Camper.

Part monster truck, part Little House on the Prairie, Tonke Campers are the creation of Dutch documentary film-maker Maarten Van Soest. Hand-built in the village of Wagenberg in the south of the Netherlands, they combine a traditional wooden caravan with a modern truck. 'Compared with normal campers there's something like beauty involved,' Maarten told us, when we arrived to pick up our Tonke.

Named after Maarten's daughter, the vehicles combine two of his passions, cars and wood (his father had a company making exclusive wooden toys). But the idea of creating a plaything for adults came to Maarten after he offered to transport a friend's gypsy caravan on his lorry. 'My wife and I decided to make a holiday of it,' he said. 'It was so different from normal camping, where everything is lightweight and plastic. There was a granite kitchen top, oak chairs, a cast-iron stove. It was beautiful. I said to my wife, 'Someone should make such a stylish and cosy van to work with a modern car.'

In the end, he did it himself, selling his first Tonke Camper two years ago. While the business mainly makes them to sell, this summer Maarten has started renting out Tonkes by the week. Reaching Wagenberg to pick up you van is straightforward - you take the train from Amsterdam to Breda, in an hour and 40 minutes, and Maarten will pick you up from the station for the short drive to his village. Better still, if you're flying, head for Eindhoven or Rotterdam, both of which are just 30 minutes from Breda by train.

So where should Lucy and I go? 'Most of my customers don't stay in Holland,' said Maarten, explaining that, with a shower, toilet and kitchenette on board, the Tonke is really designed for wild camping, which is not officially allowed in the Netherlands. Instead, most campers head for France.

There must be something worth seeing in the Netherlands, though, we insisted. Pressed, Maarten suggested Friesland. 'I'm from the south, so the north is for me more interesting. Friesland is truly Holland. It's below the water level. They still put cows in boats to transport them.'

'And once we're there,' I asked, climbing into the driver's seat, 'what do the Dutch do on holiday?'

'We go to the beach, read Jamie Oliver's books and cook. We eat stampot, a kind of mashed potato with vegetables, served with sausage. Most Dutch people say it's their favourite food - it's the diesel of this country, what people run on.'

Another thing the Dutch do a lot of is cycling (Tonke Campers come with an on-board bike cupboard). Sounds great, but alarming in practice if you're suddenly in charge of the biggest vehicle you've ever driven. It didn't help that the tourist board's advice is that anyone who hits a cyclist is 'automatically assumed to be guilty (until proven innocent)'.

'You look nervous,' said Maarten, handing over the keys. 'It's meant to be fun.'

You could have fooled me, I thought, as I put the Tonke into gear for the first time. It was like one of those documentaries in which Canadians (it always seems to be Canadians) move a three-storey house from one end of the country to the other on a giant transporter. Except that Canada has rather more open road than the Netherlands. This is how trainee supertanker pilots feel, I thought, as I tried my first turn, swinging out right to go left ('Yes, Lucy, I am turning left!').

We trundled through Noord Holland from the town of Zaanstad along lanes sandwiched between canals. Herons and cormorants sliced the water's edge beside a patchwork of blue and green. Soon this gave way to a tourist-board fantasy of thatched windmills and fields of peonies and football-sized alliums.

I was starting to relax but then we came to De Rijp, a model village with the proportions of, well, a scale model. After squeezing over the narrowest of bridges, we entered this immaculate Toytown. The houses were made from neat little bricks or chocolate-painted wood. Their handkerchief-sized gardens were bursting with rambling roses and geraniums, which would have been lovely to look at if I hadn't been so focused on the road. As we snaked through the cobbled main street, I caught myself breathing in.

That night we stayed near Castricum aan Zee. Divided into woody glades rather than being one large field, Bakkum campsite is the oldest in the Netherlands. Old doesn't mean shabby, though, and they've recently added luxury safari tents and beach huts.

A 1km walk across dunes brings you to a long, white-sand beach. We parked the Tonke in a shady spot, grabbed a couple of beers from the mini-market and set off along the apparently deserted shore. A little way down the beach, it came as a surprise to find a bar-restaurant by a row of little yellow cabins. With its white wooden floors, brightly cushioned benches and steel counter, Deining looked as if it should have been in Ibiza, not on the North Sea. Too tired to discover how the Tonke's stove worked, we tucked into gourmet burgers and watched two people on horseback gallop along the sand.

Each Tonke is custom-designed. Ours was the smallest version, but still felt about three times as big as your classic VW campervan, with so much headroom that only the tallest Tonke-user would need to duck. At one end was a full-size double bed, at the other a wooden table and chairs that could pop down into a third bed. Between them was a pretty comprehensive kitchen (complete with fridge, double gas burner, oven and porcelain sink) and a shower and toilet compartment. What there wasn't was any hint of kitsch. Instead the snug interior was all clean lines, bold red and blue furnishings and lots of dark wood. 'Holland has a tradition of classic yachts from the 1920s and 1930s that's definitely visible in the Tonke interiors,' Maarten explained. 'Gypsy caravans are often ornate, but I prefer the plainer yacht style - lots of mahogany and gloss.'

Next day we headed towards Friesland via the 32km Afsluit dyke, an extraordinary feat of early 20th-century engineering. Zipping past yachts on either side, you have to remind yourself that you are driving on what was once open water.

This elemental confusion continues when you reach Workum, where the main road used to be a canal, now filled in with concrete and cobbles. Near the picture-postcard main square, we sat at the vegetarian cafe, It Pottebakkershus, where pots of lavender decorate each table. Tucking into home-made quiche and drinking tea served in handmade pottery (you can buy it inside), we listened to singing from the church opposite.

After browsing in Workum's antiques and interiors shops, we pushed on in the late afternoon sunshine, passing cheese farms, little houses by canals with boats tied up at the bottom of their gardens and even an old man cycling along in clogs (a tourist board stooge, surely?). The only classic Dutch scene we failed to tick off was those cows being transported around in boats.

Later that evening, we pulled onto a grassy pitch at Camping Rijsterbos, in the village of Rijs, opened the back doors and sat at the kitchen table, toasting the scenery. Our home from home had won us over during the weekend, we admitted. Manoeuvring with such a large backside isn't so hard once you get the hang of it and it had definitely been an easier - and quieter - ride than we would have had in a classic camper.

We even discussed how we would customise the Tonkes we planned to order if we had some spare cash. 'I'd definitely change to a green interior colour scheme,' said Lucy. Some fluffy duvets wouldn't go amiss, either, we agreed (at the moment you have to bring your own pillows and sleeping bags).

And perhaps Maarten could design one that came with an electronic field around it to keep uninvited Tonke fans at a respectable distance.

Campsites Near Nijmegen

Essentials

Rhiannon Batten travelled from Newcastle to Amsterdam (Ijmuiden) with DFDS Seaways (0871 882 0886; dfds.co.uk). Return passenger fares start at £49, including shared cabin and transfers into Amsterdam. Returns for two plus a car start at £452. A Fieldsleeper 1 Tonke costs from €540 a week (00 31 76 593 5644; tonkecampers.nl). Camping Bakkum charges €15.10 a night for tents or €24.25 for campervans (00 31 251 661 091; kennemerduincampings.nl). Camping Rijsterbos charges €14.50 a night (00 31 514 581 211; rijsterbos.nl).